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Alterati: Italian's emotional suffixes
Italian grammars call them alterati: words altered by a suffix that changes not their basic meaning but their size, value or emotional color. Diminutives (-ino, -etto, -ello, -uccio), augmentatives (-one) and pejoratives (-accio, -astro) can be stacked and combined — casettina, omaccione — and are used constantly in speech, especially with children, food and people one loves or despises. English has a few equivalents — '-ie' in nicknames, 'little' and 'big' with an emotional charge, words like 'nasty' or 'dear' — but nothing as systematic, which makes alterati one of the classic problems of translating from Italian. Translators usually choose one feeling to carry (tenderness, contempt, pity) and render it with word choice or tone, as Ada advises, rather than piling up 'little's, which quickly sounds childish in English. The false alterates are a well-known trap. Tacchino (turkey), mattone (brick), burrone (ravine), lampone (raspberry), bottone (button) and many others only look altered; they are independent words, and Italian children learn — sometimes with Ada's surprise — that a raspberry has nothing to do with lightning (lampo).