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The Berlin Wall
In the early hours of Sunday, August 13, 1961, East German forces sealed the border between East and West Berlin, first with barbed wire and soon with a wall. Families were separated overnight. On Bernauer Straße, where the buildings stood in the East but the sidewalk belonged to the West, people jumped from their windows to escape before the windows were bricked up. At least one hundred and forty people died at the Wall between 1961 and 1989. Today the Berlin Wall Memorial on Bernauer Straße preserves a section of the border strip with a watchtower. From 1963, a series of pass agreements allowed West Berliners to visit relatives in East Berlin at certain times, beginning at Christmas; East Germans, with few exceptions, could not travel west. On the evening of November 9, 1989, a government spokesman announced new travel rules at a press conference and, asked when they applied, said that as far as he knew they applied immediately, without delay. Crowds gathered at the crossings, and around 11:30 p.m. the guards at Bornholmer Straße opened the gate. November 9 is a complicated date in German history: it also marks the 1918 proclamation of the republic and the 1938 pogrom against the Jews, which is one reason why German Unity Day is celebrated on October 3, the date of reunification in 1990.